An introduction to US muni bonds.

US municipal bonds, also known as muni bonds or munis, are bonds issued by agencies and authorities of US states, cities or local government bodies. They can take the form of general obligation (GO) bonds, funded via tax revenues, or revenue bonds, secured by an income stream from a specific local infrastructure asset. Historically, this has meant that default rates have been low³, making munis an attractive investment for risk averse investors, and a way to diversify corporate bond holdings. The fragmentation of the US municipals market means there are potentially considerable opportunities for active managers to exploit, we believe. However, these characteristics require detailed credit analysis by a specialist team to truly understand each bond issue. For revenue bonds, this means undertaking painstaking analysis to assess the unique risks and characteristics of the underlying infrastructure assets underlying each instrument. The examples below are issuers we have at one time held, currently hold or taken an active decision to not hold. The examples used are for illustrative purposes only and are not investment recommendations.

Case study 1: New York City municipal water finance authority
 

The New York City municipal water finance authority (NYW) had responsibility for financing the capital to maintain New York City’s water and sewer system by issuing bonds, commercial paper and other debt instruments. The Authority aims to maintain the quality and delivery of over 4.5 billion litres of drinking water to New York City every day. The issuer uses the proceeds raised from its bond issues to fund the maintenance of New York City’s watersheds, which compromise over 19 reservoirs and three controlled lakes across 2,000 square miles. In doing so, NYW ensures water supply to New York City complies with federal and state water quality standards.

Funded project example

The Kensico-Eastview connection is a 3.2 kilometre (2 mile) long water conveyance tunnel currently under construction in New York state between the Kensico Reservoir, a reservoir 15 miles north of New York City that supplies the city with water, and the Catskill Delaware Ultraviolet Disinfection (CDUV) Facility, the world’s largest ultraviolet treatment plant. The project began in July 2024, with all phases of its construction expected to span a 10 year period before it becomes fully operational in 2035.

The CDUV facility’s primary function is to treat water specifically for cryptosporidium and giardia, naturally occurring microorganisms that can be found in surface waters and can cause gastrointestinal ailments. The tunnel will bring water to the facility’s 57 UV units, which neutralize those bugs.

Once finished, the tunnel will have a diameter of 27 feet and installed between 400 to 500 feet below ground and will convey 2.6 billion gallons of water a day between the reservoir and the CDUV facility.

The issuer services its debt via the revenues generated by water rates, fees, rents and other charges for water supply, treatment and distribution, and sewage collection, treatment and disposal for New York City residents.

Case study 2: Chicago O’Hare International Airport
 

Chicago O’Hare International Airport is a major international airport located in Chicago, Illinois and is one of the largest airports in the world. The location of the airport means it is considered the most connected airport in the Unites States and fifth most connected globally. As of 2024, the airport has non-stop flights to 249 global destinations.

Funded project example

The O’Hare Modernisation Program (OMP), beginning in 2005 is a long-term redevelopment of Chicago O’Hare that aims to improve the passenger experience of the airport.

In that vein, the OMP sought to increase efficiency by expanding the airport’s capacity to ease congestion and prevent flight delays. The Federal Aviation Authority highlighted the scale and ambition of the project describing it as “one of the largest and most costly reconfigurations of an airport in the United States”.

The key component of the modernisation programme is renovating and reconfiguring the airport’s runways, moving from an intersecting runway configurating to a parallel runways system, necessitating the construction of three new runways and the reconstruction of a fifth.

More recently, issuance by Chicago O’Hare has focused on terminal redevelopment and additional capacity enhancements. For example, as part of the modernisation plan of the airport two existing terminals will be reconstructed or expanded, while a new global terminal is under construction for international arrivals.

The issuer services its revenue bond issuance via the income generated by economic activity at the airport, including terminal rents and landing fees paid by airlines, parking fees paid by passengers and concession revenues from vendors operating within the airport’s limits.

Case study 3: Alameda Corridor Transportation Authority (ACTA)
 

The Alamada Corridor Transportation Authority (ACTA) operates a freight rail ‘expressway’ which connects containerised traffic arriving at the San Pedro port cluster. The San Pedro port cluster is the most important in North America in terms of volume and value, accounting for about 70% of containerised traffic arriving on the American West Coast.

Funded project example

The railway corridor was built to ensure the efficient transportation of goods entering the United States via the Ports of Los Angeles or Port of Long Beach to transcontinental railway terminals in the City of Los Angeles, the two largest in the US.

Historically, transporting freight between railyards could reach between two and six hours; by contrast, after the corridor’s completion the average time taken for containers to reach the terminal railyards has fallen to 45 minutes. In addition, the railway also eased local road congestion by removing 200 existing rail crossings associated with the previous, circuitous routes, which ran through local communities.

Since the expressway’s completion early 2002, ACTA’s bond issuance is primarily used to maintain the expressway and refinance its outstanding debt.

ACTA primarily generates revenues via usage and container fees paid by the corridor’s primary users, which include major railroad companies BSNF Railway and Union Pacific Railroad. ACTA can increase these rates annually, increasing prices by between 1.5% and 4.5%.

In addition, if revenues generated from these sources prove insufficient to meet the issuer’s debt service, the Port Authority of Los Angeles and the Port Authority have a contractual obligation to make up any shortfall up to 40% of the issuer’s annual debt service.

Case study 4: Build America Bonds
 

Financing infrastructure after the financial crisis

Build America Bonds (BABs) are municipal bonds issued between 2009 and 2010 to encourage investment in state, municipalities and countries in the aftermath of the financial crisis. The BAB program raised over $180bn of taxable municipal bonds to finance infrastructure-related projects across the US.

Under the BAB program, state and local governments issued higher-yielding taxable bonds instead of the normal tax-exempt bonds. In exchange for paying the higher interest rates, issuers were to receive ‘BAB subsidy payments’ from the federal government equal to 35% of the interest payments on the bonds.

In 2012, Congress enacted a law which required reductions of certain government spending, resulting in the reduction of the BAB subsidy payments in varying annual amounts through 2031.

In addition, most BABS contain an optional ‘Extraordinary Redemption Provision’ (ERP) allowing for the bonds to be called by the issuer under an extraordinary event, which is defined in varying degrees from deal to deal. According to Barclays, up to $110bn in outstanding BABs have embedded ERPs, out of around $180bn in total.

Risks realised in 2024 lead Build America Bonds to underperform

Given the subsidy reduction and ERP option, BNY Investments considered the risks of investing in BABs too high, and we never purchased any BAB issues. BNY Investments believe this decision enabled them to protect their clients: until 2024, the exercise of an ERP was very rare, but in 2024 alone, $14.9bn of BABs issues were called⁴, with an additional £938m remaining to be called.

As a result, many BABs are now trading near their ERP strikes, and spreads relative to non-BAB taxable municipal bonds have widened dramatically.

The value of investments can fall. Investors may not get back the amount invested. Income from investments may vary and is not guaranteed.

MC496-14-04-2025 (6M)